Which approach focuses heavily on continuous improvement and customer satisfaction?

Total Quality Management (TQM) is the approach that heavily emphasizes continuous improvement and customer satisfaction. TQM is a holistic management philosophy that seeks to improve the quality of products and services through a continuous process involving all members of an organization. The focus on customer satisfaction is central to TQM as it aims to meet and exceed customer expectations consistently.

Continuous improvement in TQM is achieved through collective efforts involving every employee, fostering a culture of quality across all levels of the organization. Tools and techniques adapted within TQM include data-driven decision making, quality control processes, and systematic measures for improving performance, which helps to ensure that products and services not only meet regulatory and quality requirements but also align with customer desires.

While Six Sigma and Lean Manufacturing also prioritize quality and efficiency, they do so within narrower frameworks. Six Sigma primarily focuses on reducing defects and variability in processes, while Lean Manufacturing aims to eliminate waste and optimize processes, thereby enhancing efficiency. Kaizen, which translates to "continuous improvement," is a philosophy of making small, incremental improvements over time but does not encapsulate the broader organizational focus on quality and customer satisfaction as TQM does. Therefore, TQM stands out as the most comprehensive approach in this context.